Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 MCQ | Resources And Development important MCQ
This article will provide you with Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 MCQ. Resources and Development important MCQs can be very helpful for your exam preparation. I have prepared this from my own notes, and using this, I scored 98 out of 100 in Social Science in my boards. You can also get good grades. You can also watch the full chapter explanations on our YouTube channel. All the MCQs are based on the latest CBSE Pattern, which will help you to get the best questions.
Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 MCQ | Resources And Development important MCQ
The Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 MCQ is structured into three distinct parts:
Part I consists of 50 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Part II presents 10 Assertion-Reason questions
Part III includes 10 Statement-Based questions
Part I: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Subsection 1.1: Foundational Concepts: Resource Definition, Classification, and Development
1. According to the text, which set of conditions must be met for something to be termed a ‘Resource’?
(a) Naturally available, economically valuable, and socially desirable
(b) Technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable
(c) Environmentally friendly, technologically simple, and politically neutral
(d) Abundantly available, easily extractable, and universally needed
Answer: (b) Technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable 3
2. The process of transforming things available in our environment into resources involves an interactive relationship between which three components?
(a) Nature, Technology, and Human Beings
(b) Nature, Technology, and Institutions
(c) Physical Environment, Labour, and Capital
(d) Resources, Human Beings, and Institutions
Answer: (b) Nature, Technology, and Institutions 3
3. The text challenges the common assumption that resources are ‘free gifts of nature’ by stating that they are actually a function of:
(a) Government policies
(b) International trade
(c) Human activities
(d) Geological processes
Answer: (c) Human activities 3
4. On the basis of origin, resources are classified as:
(a) Renewable and Non-renewable
(b) Individual and Community
(c) Potential and Developed
(d) Biotic and Abiotic
Answer: (d) Biotic and Abiotic 3
5. Which of the following is an example of a biotic resource?
(a) Rocks
(b) Metals
(c) Wildlife
(d) Wind
Answer: (c) Wildlife 3
6. On the basis of exhaustibility, resources like fossil fuels are classified as:
(a) Renewable
(b) Non-Recyclable Non-renewable
(c) Recyclable Non-renewable
(d) Continuous or flow
Answer: (b) Non-Recyclable Non-renewable 3
7. Resources that are found in a region but have not been utilized are known as:
(a) Developed resources
(b) Stock
(c) Potential resources
(d) Reserves
Answer: (c) Potential resources 3
8. Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but are not used because humans lack the appropriate technology are called:
(a) Reserves
(b) Stock
(c) Potential resources
(d) Developed resources
Answer: (b) Stock 3
9. Which of the following is an example of a community-owned resource?
(a) A private car
(b) A farmer’s personal well
(c) A public park
(d) A house owned by an individual
Answer: (c) A public park 3
10. Resources which are regulated by international bodies, such as oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone, are termed as:
(a) National resources
(b) International resources
(c) Trans-boundary resources
(d) Community resources
Answer: (b) International resources 3
11. Which of the following best explains why a mineral deposit is considered a ‘resource’ only after human intervention?
(a) Because minerals are naturally occurring substances.
(b) Because humans must possess the technology to extract and the economic feasibility to process it.
(c) Because all minerals are owned by the government.
(d) Because minerals are non-renewable and must be conserved.
Answer: (b) Because humans must possess the technology to extract and the economic feasibility to process it. 3
12. On what basis are resources classified as Potential, Developed Stock, and Reserves?
(a) On the basis of origin
(b) On the basis of ownership
(c) On the basis of status of development
(d) On the basis of exhaustibility
Answer: (c) On the basis of status of development 3
Subsection 1.2: Sustainable Development and Resource Planning
13. Which of the following is identified as a major problem arising from the indiscriminate use of resources?
(a) Equitable distribution of resources
(b) Accumulation of resources in a few hands
(c) A decrease in global ecological crises
(d) An increase in the quality of life for all
Answer: (b) Accumulation of resources in a few hands 3
14. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to which of the following global ecological crises?
(a) Ozone layer depletion and global warming
(b) Increased biodiversity and forest cover
(c) Reduction in land degradation
(d) Cooling of the planet and reduced pollution
Answer: (a) Ozone layer depletion and global warming 3
15. What is the core principle of ‘Sustainable Development’?
(a) Prioritizing rapid economic growth above all else.
(b) Halting all development to preserve the environment.
(c) Development without damaging the environment and not compromising the needs of future generations.
(d) Using non-renewable resources exclusively for present development.
Answer: (c) Development without damaging the environment and not compromising the needs of future generations. 3
16. The first International Earth Summit was held in June 1992 in which city?
(a) New York, USA
(b) Geneva, Switzerland
(c) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
(d) Stockholm, Sweden
Answer: (c) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3
17. What was the primary objective of the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992?
(a) To establish new global trade rules.
(b) To address urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development.
(c) To form a global military alliance.
(d) To promote the use of fossil fuels for rapid industrialization.
Answer: (b) To address urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development. 3
18. What is Agenda 21, which was adopted at the Rio Summit?
(a) A 21-point military strategy for global peace.
(b) A declaration aiming for global sustainable development in the 21st century.
(c) An economic plan for the 21 richest countries.
(d) A treaty to ban all forms of industrial production.
Answer: (b) A declaration aiming for global sustainable development in the 21st century. 3
19. One major objective of Agenda 21 is that every local government should:
(a) Report directly to the United Nations.
(b) Increase its military spending.
(c) Draw its own local Agenda 21.
(d) Privatize all public resources.
Answer: (c) Draw its own local Agenda 21. 3
20. Which Indian state is identified as having an abundance of water resources but lacking in infrastructural development?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Jharkhand
(c) Arunachal Pradesh
(d) Madhya Pradesh
Answer: (c) Arunachal Pradesh 3
21. The state of Rajasthan is well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in:
(a) Mineral resources
(b) Water resources
(c) Cultural heritage
(d) Infrastructural development
Answer: (b) Water resources 3
22. Which of the following is the first step in the complex process of resource planning?
(a) Matching resource development plans with national plans.
(b) Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology.
(c) Identification and inventory of resources across regions.
(d) Securing international funding for resource extraction.
Answer: (c) Identification and inventory of resources across regions. 3
23. The statement “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed” is attributed to:
(a) Schumacher
(b) Brundtland
(c) The Club of Rome
(d) Gandhiji
Answer: (d) Gandhiji 3
24. The concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ was formally introduced and advocated as a means for resource conservation by which report?
(a) The Schumacher Report, 1974
(b) The Club of Rome Report, 1968
(c) The Brundtland Commission Report, 1987
(d) The Rio Declaration, 1992
Answer: (c) The Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 3
25. The history of colonisation reveals that the main attraction for foreign invaders in colonies was:
(a) The cultural heritage of the colonies
(b) The rich resources in the colonies
(c) The political systems of the colonies
(d) The advanced technology in the colonies
Answer: (b) The rich resources in the colonies 3
Subsection 1.3: Land Resources: Utilisation, Patterns, and Degradation
26. What percentage of India’s land area is plain, providing facilities for agriculture and industry?
(a) 27%
(b) 30%
(c) 43%
(d) 54%
Answer: (c) 43% 3
27. Mountains, which ensure the perennial flow of some rivers and provide facilities for tourism, account for what percentage of India’s total surface area?
(a) 27%
(b) 30%
(c) 43%
(d) 20%
Answer: (b) 30% 3
28. The plateau region, which possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels, and forests, constitutes what percentage of India’s land area?
(a) 27%
(b) 30%
(c) 43%
(d) 33%
Answer: (a) 27% 3
29. Land left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years is known as:
(a) Current fallow
(b) Barren and waste land
(c) Permanent pasture
(d) Culturable waste land
Answer: (d) Culturable waste land 3
30. The term ‘Net Sown Area’ refers to:
(a) The total area of the country under cultivation.
(b) Area sown more than once in an agricultural year.
(c) The physical extent of land on which crops are sown and harvested.
(d) Land available for cultivation but not currently used.
Answer: (c) The physical extent of land on which crops are sown and harvested. 3
31. According to the National Forest Policy (1952), what is the desired percentage of forest cover for maintaining ecological balance?
(a) 22%
(b) 25%
(c) 33%
(d) 50%
Answer: (c) 33% 3
32. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh, what is one of the main reasons for land degradation?
(a) Over irrigation
(b) Deforestation due to mining
(c) Overgrazing
(d) Industrial effluents
Answer: (c) Overgrazing 3
33. Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation in which of the following states?
(a) Punjab and Haryana
(b) Jharkhand and Odisha
(c) Rajasthan and Gujarat
(d) Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Answer: (b) Jharkhand and Odisha 3
34. In Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh, which activity is primarily responsible for land degradation due to waterlogging and increased soil salinity?
(a) Overgrazing
(b) Mining
(c) Deforestation
(d) Over irrigation
Answer: (d) Over irrigation 3
35. Planting shelter belts, controlling overgrazing, and stabilising sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are methods to check land degradation in which type of areas?
(a) Industrial areas
(b) Coastal areas
(c) Hilly areas
(d) Arid areas
Answer: (d) Arid areas 3
Subsection 1.4: India’s Major Soil Types: Characteristics and Distribution
36. Which is the most widely spread and important soil in India, covering the entire northern plains?
(a) Black Soil
(b) Alluvial Soil
(c) Laterite Soil
(d) Red Soil
Answer: (b) Alluvial Soil 3
37. Based on age, alluvial soils are classified as Bangar and Khadar. Which of the two is the new alluvium and is more fertile?
(a) Bangar
(b) Khadar
(c) Both are equally fertile
(d) Terai
Answer: (b) Khadar 3
38. Black soil is also known as:
(a) Khadar soil
(b) Bangar soil
(c) Regur soil
(d) Arid soil
Answer: (c) Regur soil 3
39. Which crop is ideally grown in black soil?
(a) Wheat
(b) Rice
(c) Tea
(d) Cotton
Answer: (d) Cotton 3
40. The black soils of the Deccan trap region are made up of what material?
(a) Sandstone
(b) Limestone
(c) Lava flows
(d) Riverine deposits
Answer: (c) Lava flows 3
41. The reddish colour of red and yellow soils is due to:
(a) High humus content
(b) The diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks
(c) The presence of kankar nodules
(d) High moisture content
Answer: (b) The diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks 3
42. Laterite soil is the result of what process in areas with alternate wet and dry seasons?
(a) Volcanic deposition
(b) Wind erosion
(c) Intense leaching due to heavy rain
(d) Glacial deposition
Answer: (c) Intense leaching due to heavy rain 3
43. After adopting conservation techniques, laterite soil in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu is very useful for growing:
(a) Wheat and pulses
(b) Cotton and sugarcane
(c) Tea and coffee
(d) Millets and maize
Answer: (c) Tea and coffee 3
44. Which soil type is generally sandy in texture, saline in nature, and lacks humus and moisture due to a dry climate and high temperatures?
(a) Alluvial Soil
(b) Forest Soil
(c) Black Soil
(d) Arid Soil
Answer: (d) Arid Soil 3
45. Forest soils found in the lower parts of valleys, particularly on river terraces and alluvial fans, are generally:
(a) Acidic and infertile
(b) Coarse grained
(c) Fertile
(d) Saline
Answer: (c) Fertile 3
Subsection 1.5: Soil Erosion and Conservation Methods
46. The denudation of the soil cover and its subsequent washing down is described as:
(a) Soil formation
(b) Soil conservation
(c) Soil erosion
(d) Land degradation
Answer: (c) Soil erosion 3
47. When running water cuts through clayey soils and makes deep channels, it leads to:
(a) Sheet erosion
(b) Gully erosion
(c) Wind erosion
(d) Denudation
Answer: (b) Gully erosion 3
48. The method of ploughing along the contour lines to decelerate the flow of water down slopes is called:
(a) Strip cropping
(b) Terrace cultivation
(c) Contour ploughing
(d) Shelter belts
Answer: (c) Contour ploughing 3
49. A farmer in the Western Himalayas wants to prevent soil erosion on his sloped fields. Which method would be most effective?
(a) Planting shelter belts
(b) Strip cropping
(c) Terrace cultivation
(d) Over-irrigation
Answer: (c) Terrace cultivation 3
50. The practice of planting lines of trees to create shelter, which helps in the stabilisation of sand dunes, is known as:
(a) Strip cropping
(b) Afforestation
(c) Shelter belts
(d) Contour ploughing
Answer: (c) Shelter belts 3
Part II: Assertion-Reason Questions
Directions: In the following questions, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option from the codes given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
51. Assertion (A): Resources are not free gifts of nature.
Reason (R): Resources are a function of human activities; humans transform materials available in the environment into resources and use them.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The document explicitly refutes the idea that resources are free gifts of nature. It states that they are a function of human activities because it is human technology, economic capacity, and cultural acceptance that transform a neutral ‘thing’ in the environment into a useful ‘resource’.3 Therefore, the reason correctly explains the assertion.
52. Assertion (A): An equitable distribution of resources is essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace.
Reason (R): The accumulation of resources in a few hands divides society into ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ and can lead to global ecological crises.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The text highlights that the accumulation of resources in a few hands is a major problem leading to social stratification and indiscriminate exploitation, which causes ecological crises. These negative consequences make an equitable distribution essential for sustainability and peace.3 Thus, the reason provides the justification for the assertion.
53. Assertion (A): The availability of resources is a sufficient condition for the economic development of any region.
Reason (R): Many regions in India that are rich in resources are included in economically backward regions.
Answer: (d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: The assertion is false. The document explicitly states that “mere availability of resources in the absence of corresponding changes in technology and institutions may hinder development.” It clarifies that resource availability is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition. The reason is a true statement provided as evidence in the text to counter the idea in the assertion.3
54. Assertion (A): In the states of Punjab and Haryana, over-irrigation is a major cause of land degradation.
Reason (R): Over-irrigation in these regions leads to waterlogging, which increases the salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The document directly links over-irrigation in Punjab and Haryana to land degradation. It then explains the mechanism: excess water leads to waterlogging, which in turn causes a rise in salt and alkali content in the soil, rendering it less fertile.3 The reason perfectly explains the process by which the action in the assertion causes the outcome.
55. Assertion (A): Alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.
Reason (R): Alluvial soils are very fertile as they contain adequate proportions of potash, phosphoric acid, and lime.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The high fertility of alluvial soils, due to their rich nutrient composition, makes them ideal for agriculture. This agricultural productivity supports a large population, leading to intensive cultivation and high population density in regions with alluvial soils, such as the northern plains of India.3 The reason (fertility) directly explains the assertion (intensive use and population).
56. Assertion (A): Black soils develop deep cracks during hot weather.
Reason (R): The cracking helps in the proper aeration of the soil.
Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both statements are factually correct as per the document. Black soils, being clayey, shrink and develop deep cracks when dry. This cracking does indeed facilitate deep aeration of the soil.3 However, the reason states the
benefit of the cracking, not the cause of it. The cracking is caused by the soil’s clayey nature and loss of moisture, not by the need for aeration. Therefore, R is not the correct explanation of A.
57. Assertion (A): Laterite soil is not very fertile for general cultivation.
Reason (R): Laterite soil is formed as a result of intense leaching due to heavy rain, which washes away plant nutrients.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The document states that laterite soils are “generally deficient in plant nutrients.” It also explains that these soils are the “result of intense leaching due to heavy rain”.3 Leaching is the process where soluble nutrients are washed down through the soil profile, making the topsoil infertile. Thus, the process of intense leaching (Reason) is the direct cause of the soil’s general infertility (Assertion).
58. Assertion (A): Resource planning is vital for a country like India.
Reason (R): India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources, with some regions being self-sufficient and others facing acute shortages.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The document emphasizes the importance of resource planning in India precisely because of the uneven distribution of resources. For example, Jharkhand has minerals, but Ladakh is deficient; Arunachal Pradesh has water, but Rajasthan lacks it.3 This disparity necessitates balanced planning at national, state, and local levels to ensure equitable development. The reason (uneven distribution) is the primary justification for the assertion (need for planning).
59. Assertion (A): Gandhiji was against mass production.
Reason (R): He placed greedy individuals and the exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause of resource depletion.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Gandhiji’s philosophy, as presented in the text, linked mass production with the exploitative nature of modern technology, which he believed was driven by greed and led to global resource depletion. His alternative was “production by the masses,” which was more sustainable and equitable.3 His critique of the root causes of depletion (Reason) formed the basis of his opposition to mass production (Assertion).
60. Assertion (A): Contour ploughing helps in conserving soil.
Reason (R): Ploughing up and down the slope forms channels for the quick flow of water, leading to soil erosion.
Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both statements are correct. Contour ploughing, which is ploughing along the slope’s contours, does conserve soil by decelerating water flow.3 The reason correctly describes the negative effects of a different, incorrect method of ploughing. While the reason explains why
wrong ploughing is bad, it doesn’t directly explain how contour ploughing works. It provides a contrast, not a direct explanation.
Part III: Statement-Based Questions
61. Consider the following statements regarding the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992, and select the correct option.
- It was the first International Earth Summit, attended by more than 100 heads of state.
- The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity.
- It adopted Agenda 21, which aims to combat poverty and disease through global competition and shared profits.
(a) 1 and 2 are correct.
(b) 2 and 3 are correct.
(c) 1 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (a) 1 and 2 are correct.
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are factually correct as per the text.3 Statement 3 is incorrect because Agenda 21 aims to combat environmental damage, poverty, and disease through “global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities,” not through competition and shared profits.3
62. Evaluate the following statements about land use in India and identify the correct combination.
- The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km, and land use data is available for the entire area.
- The land under permanent pasture has decreased over the years.
- The forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33% outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952).
(a) 1 and 2 are correct.
(b) 1 and 3 are correct.
(c) 2 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (c) 2 and 3 are correct.
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect because while the total area is 3.28 million sq km, the text specifies that “land use data, however, is available only for 93 per cent of the total geographical area”.3 Statements 2 and 3 are factually correct as mentioned in the chapter.3
63. Which of the following statements about Alluvial Soil are correct?
- It is the most widely spread soil in India, deposited by the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra river systems.
- Bangar is the old alluvial soil and has a higher concentration of kankar nodules than Khadar.
- Khadar is more fertile than Bangar.
(a) 1 and 2 are correct.
(b) 2 and 3 are correct.
(c) 1 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Explanation: All three statements are accurate descriptions of alluvial soil as provided in the text. It is the most widespread, deposited by the three Himalayan rivers. Bangar is older and has more kankar, while Khadar is the newer, more fertile alluvium.3
64. Analyze the following statements regarding causes of land degradation in India and choose the correct option.
- Mining is a major cause of land degradation in states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.
- Overgrazing is the main reason for land degradation in Punjab and Haryana.
- Mineral processing industries generate dust that retards the process of water infiltration into the soil.
(a) 1 and 2 are correct.
(b) 1 and 3 are correct.
(c) 2 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (b) 1 and 3 are correct.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct.3 Statement 2 is incorrect; the main reason for land degradation in Punjab and Haryana is over-irrigation, while overgrazing is prominent in states like Gujarat and Rajasthan.3 Statement 3 is correct, with the text citing the example of limestone grinding for the cement industry.3
65. Consider the following statements about Black Soil and select the correct ones.
- It is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as regur soil.
- It is rich in phosphoric contents and has a low capacity to hold moisture.
- It is typical of the Deccan trap region, which is made up of lava flows.
(a) 1 and 3 are correct.
(b) 1 and 2 are correct.
(c) 2 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (a) 1 and 3 are correct.
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct descriptions of black soil.3 Statement 2 is incorrect. The text explicitly states that black soils are “generally poor in phosphoric contents” and are “well-known for their capacity to hold moisture” due to their fine, clayey material.3
66. Which of the following statements correctly describe soil conservation methods?
- Terrace cultivation, practiced in the Western and Central Himalayas, restricts erosion on slopes.
- Strip cropping involves growing large fields of a single crop to increase the force of the wind.
- Contour ploughing involves ploughing along contour lines to decelerate the flow of water down slopes.
(a) 1 and 2 are correct.
(b) 2 and 3 are correct.
(c) 1 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (c) 1 and 3 are correct.
Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct descriptions of terrace cultivation and contour ploughing, respectively.3 Statement 2 is incorrect; strip cropping involves leaving strips of grass
between crops to break up the force of the wind, not increase it.3
67. Evaluate the following statements about resource classification.
- On the basis of ownership, resources can be classified as individual, community, national, and international.
- On the basis of origin, resources are classified as renewable and non-renewable.
- On the basis of exhaustibility, resources are classified as biotic and abiotic.
(a) 1 only is correct.
(b) 1 and 2 are correct.
(c) 2 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (a) 1 only is correct.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct.3 Statement 2 is incorrect; on the basis of origin, resources are classified as biotic and abiotic. Renewable and non-renewable is the classification based on exhaustibility.3 Statement 3 is incorrect for the same reason.
Class 10 English Chapter 1 Question Answer | A Letter to God Important Question Answer
68. Consider the following statements regarding Laterite and Arid soils.
- Laterite soil develops in tropical climates with alternate wet and dry seasons and is rich in humus.
- Arid soils are generally sandy and saline, and their lower horizons are occupied by Kankar.
- Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu and Kerala are suitable for growing cashew nuts.
(a) 1 and 2 are correct.
(b) 2 and 3 are correct.
(c) 1 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 are correct.
Explanation: Statement 1 is partially incorrect. While laterite soil develops in the described climate, it is “generally humus poor” under sparse vegetation, though it can be humus-rich where it supports forests.3 Statements 2 and 3 are factually correct as per the text.3
69. Analyze the following statements about India’s relief features and resource distribution.
- Plains account for 43% of the land area, while mountains account for 30%.
- The state of Arunachal Pradesh is rich in minerals and coal deposits.
- The cold desert of Ladakh has a rich cultural heritage but is deficient in water, infrastructure, and some vital minerals.
(a) 1 and 2 are correct.
(b) 2 and 3 are correct.
(c) 1 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (c) 1 and 3 are correct.
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct.3 Statement 2 is incorrect; the text identifies Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh as being rich in minerals and coal, while Arunachal Pradesh is noted for its abundance of water resources.3 Statement 3 is a correct description of Ladakh’s resource situation.3
70. Which of the following statements about soil erosion are true?
- The land becomes unfit for cultivation due to gully erosion and is known as bad land.
- When the topsoil is washed away over a large area down a slope, it is known as sheet erosion.
- Ploughing in a wrong way, i.e., up and down the slope, can prevent soil erosion.
(a) 1 and 2 are correct.
(b) 2 and 3 are correct.
(c) 1 and 3 are correct.
(d) All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
Answer: (a) 1 and 2 are correct.
Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct definitions of bad land (caused by gullies) and sheet erosion, respectively.3 Statement 3 is incorrect; ploughing up and down the slope
causes soil erosion by creating channels for water flow, it does not prevent it.3
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